Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 2

The ‘Fab Four’

The most popular backdrop to ’selfies’ in Liverpool is undoubtedly the bronze statue of

the Beatles at the Pier Head on the waterfront.  You can visit many of the sites

associated with the Beatles, there is a Beatles Experience Museum, several themed

walks and tours, and of course the music. Oldies (like me!) can relive the ‘swinging

sixties’, while youngsters can get a feel for why their Mums, Dads and grandparents

went wild about these four Liverpool lads. 

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The Tragedy of the Arandora Star

A monument on the Liverpool waterfront commemorates a sad event in the history of

the city, one that will have particular poignancy for Italian and German colleagues 
The ‘Arandora Star’ was originally a luxury liner. She was re-purposed during WW2 and

set sail from Liverpool in July 1940 with over 1600 passengers and crew on board.

The passengers were mainly civilians, Italian and German nationals living in the UK

at the outbreak of war who had been detained and interned. Many were elderly and

infirm. They were being transported to internment camps in Canada. Grossly

overcrowded and with few lifeboats, the ship was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland

and more than 800 lives were lost. Bodies were washed up on beaches for months

afterwards; many of the victims are buried in coastal graveyards in Ireland and Scotland.
You can see a model of the Arandora Star at the Maritime Museum, a short walk from the conference centre.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 4

'Back-to-back' houses

This terrace in Duke Street Liverpool boasts modern urban apartments much sought-after

by young professionals who like to live and work in the heart of the city. Their sleek

external appearance belies their origins. They were built in the nineteenth century as

‘back-to-back’ houses, so called because the houses behind were mirror images,

separated by a wall, so that there was only one combined entrance and exit for each

house. Housing and sanitation conditions for the poor in nineteenth and early twentieth

century Liverpool were shocking. Fire was an ever-present danger. Each of these

doors would have served up to four families, one per floor, with the worst living conditions

in the basement or ‘cellar’. Two outside toilets or ‘privies’ and one water pump would have provided for the whole terrace. Diphtheria, cholera, typhoid and dysentery were commonplace. Infant mortality rates were among the worst in the UK, prompting major reforms in public health policies.

Most ‘slum dwellings’ were demolished from the nineteen fifties onwards, but a small number -such as these- were modernized and converted in an urban renewal programme. Duke Street is now home to many fine restaurants which delegates can visit in May 2023.

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Liverpool's 'Baltic triangle'

Liverpool has long and much cherished links with the Baltic countries. In the heyday of the city

as a major port, ships from Northern Europe would unload their cargo here. Dockside

warehouses housed grain, wood and other merchandise from Northern Europe. As the

shipping industry declined, some of the old storehouses fell into disrepair, but an enthusiastic

urban renewal project in the last few years has brought the area back to life. It is now a ‘hip’

quarter, and home to craft shops, artisan bakeries, cafes, restaurants and art studios. The

warehouse walls are a favoured site for graffiti and an ever-changing variety of street art.

The Baltic Triangle is a short walk from the conference centre. All that education can be thirsty work, so take some time out to enjoy a craft beer!

 

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​Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 6

The Chinese Arch

We Liverpudlians are proud of our historical association with Chinese friends and colleagues.

The Chinese Arch in Liverpool marks the entrance to ‘Chinatown’, home to the oldest Chinese

neighborhood in Europe. The arch was gifted to the city of Liverpool by Shanghai, where it was put

together by skilled craftsmen and women. It boasts two hundred dragons, five roofs and two magnificent

bronze lions, positioned in accordance with the principles of ‘Feng-Shui’. The arch commemorates long

and much-prized trade and cultural associations between the cities.

Chinese dock workers arrived in Liverpool in the early nineteenth century, when they traded silk and

cotton goods. The Blue Funnel shipping line employed large numbers of Chinese seamen. Inevitably

many succumbed to the charms of the local Liverpool women! A strong and much-loved community soon

developed, and several Chinese businesses thrive to this day.

Chinatown is a short walk from the Conference Centre. Well worth a visit when you attend ESPO in the Chinese ‘year of the rabbit’, 2023!

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 7

Roots, Rock, Reggae
The two metre statue of Jamaican reggae legend Bob Marley in the Baltic Triangle, Liverpool is the work

of local sculptor Andy Edwards, widely known for his iconic statue of the ‘Beatles’ (Fab Four) on the

waterfront. The work celebrates Marley and his message of love, peace and emancipation, but it is a

reminder too of the influence that musicians of African- and particularly Caribbean- heritage had on the

emerging popular music scene in Europe in the ‘fifties and ‘sixties. Paul McCartney has always

acknowledged the debt the Beatles owe to early pioneers such as Harold Phillips (1925-2000) who

settled in Liverpool and popularized calypso music in the post-war years. Phillips (nicknamed ‘Lord

Woodbine’) arrived in Britain as an emigre from Trinidad in 1948. Part of the first wave Caribbean

immigrants, he sailed on the celebrated ‘Windrush’ ship, and soon found work as a singer/guitarist and

music promoter in the Liverpool clubs. Here he came in contact with the young Lennon and McCartney

and arranged gigs for them in local venues. Lord Woodbine drove the Beatles to Hamburg in his

Volkswagen mini-bus in 1960 for their first overseas concert, where he played on stage with them as they

were enthusiastically welcomed by a young German following.
Check out some ‘positive vibrations’ in Liverpool at ESPO 2023
In the words of Bob Marley, ‘let’s join together and a-feel alright!’

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 8

Liverpool Medical Institute

The grand bow-fronted portico of the Liverpool Medical Institute recalls the glorious libraries

and seats of learning of ancient Greece. It was designed by local architect Clark Rampling

during a period when the ‘Greek revival’ style was in vogue and opened in 1837 as a library

and meeting place for local physicians and surgeons. This was not well received by the local

population, who not long before had engaged in fearsome rioting (the 1832 Cholera riots),

attacking a hospital and setting upon medical men who were widely thought to be sending

patients to their deaths in the fever wards so that they could use the corpses for dissection!

Much of this ill-feeling was stoked by a notorious local criminal case in 1826. Three casks

were found on Liverpool docks, labelled ‘Bitter Salts’ in readiness for transportation to the

medical school in Edinburgh, Scotland. On inspection, the casks were found to contain eleven corpses, and were traced to a cellar in the city where a further twenty-two corpses, injected and prepared for dissection, were stored. Two ‘body-snatchers’ were convicted, and distrust of medical men grew.

Surgery was particularly fraught, with huge mortality, often due to sepsis. The surgeons- all men- who operated gloveless in their blood-stained overcoats, caked with pus and exudate from the previous patient and prided themselves on their refusal to wash their hands between cases - were slow to adopt the teachings of Semmelweis in Hungary and Lister in Scotland on the need for asepsis.

The site of the Institute, at the end of Hope Street and immediately opposite the workhouse, where impoverished and destitute paupers could see the physicians and surgeons in their frock-coats and silk hats descend from their grand carriages on-route to medical meetings- fueled more resentment.

The Institute now houses a beautifully preserved Victorian lecture theatre (still in use, although the gas lamps have been converted to electric bulbs), a wonderful collection of rare medical books and a variety of surgical instruments dating back to its early days.

Don’t be alarmed, visiting doctors at ESPO 2023 will be warmly welcomed by Liverpudlians!

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 9

A Case History

 

The art installation on Hope Street by sculptor John King depicts a series of suitcases, hatboxes,

trunks and guitar cases, each inscribed with the name of a famous Liverpudlian. The work evokes

Liverpool’s history as a port, a site of both emigration and immigration. The great liners that

crossed the Atlantic would have ferried thousands of such cases between Liverpool and the ports

on the east side of North America and beyond. The ‘Hope Street Suitcases’ as they are known are

in the heart of the Georgian Quarter, where you can enjoy some of the best restaurants and bars

in the city. The building just behind is where the somewhat unruly pupils John Lennon, Paul

McCartney and George Harrison went to school. A few of the bars they frequented are nearby.

See if you can find their luggage when you visit!

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 10

Canada's Liverpool Children

Liverpool boasts some of the grandest and most spectacular nineteenth century buildings in the UK, but there are many reminders of the appalling poverty, overcrowding and ill-health that was the lot of the Victorian poor. Maternal and infant mortality indices were among the worst in Europe; infectious diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery and tuberculosis took their toll on children and young parents. Despite the huge wealth of many of the merchants and ship-owners, destitute orphans roamed the streets, begging for food.

A group of well-to-do philanthropists established the ‘Sheltering Home for Destitute Children’ in the late nineteenth century and appointed Louisa Birt, a Scottish woman who had worked as an activist to support children and widows in London, as superintendent.

Under Louisa Birt’s care, the ‘Sheltering Home’ housed, fed and educated orphaned children, teaching them skills such as carpentry for the boys and laundry work for the girls. They were prepared for emigration to Canada. A sister home in Quebec received over six thousand Liverpool children who were settled with Canadian families or given employment until the practice petered out at the outbreak of the first world war. Many Canadians can trace their ancestry to this time.

The building in Myrtle Street is now used by the University. It is adjacent to the old ‘Children’s Hospital’ which was the early precursor of our modern children’s hospital, opened by Her Majesty the Queen in 2014. If you get a ‘senior’ taxi driver when you arrive in Liverpool, he may remember having a tonsillectomy in the old Myrtle Street Children’s Hospital, a pioneering centre for pediatric surgery and anaesthesia.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 11
The 'Royal Liver' Building
Many of the city’s hotels have terraces with magnificent views across the Mersey estuary.

The ‘Royal Liver’ building here with its two clock towers and the mythical ‘Liver Birds’ on the

spires has graced the waterfront since its construction in 1911 to house offices of the Royal

Liver Assurance Company. At nearly one hundred metres tall, and one of the first buildings

to be made of reinforced concrete it was hailed as a ‘skyscraper’ in the local press at the

time.

The ‘liver birds’ have become recognizable emblems of the city. Legend has it that one is

male - Bertie - and is looking toward the city to see if the bars are open; while one is female

- Bella - and she is looking out on the river to see if she can spot any handsome sailors

coming in to port.

They were crafted in granite by the Bromsgrove Guild, a company very much to the fore in the ‘Arts and Crafts’ movement in design during the early twentieth century. The original design was by Carl Bernard Bartels, a sculptor and wood-carver from Stuttgart. Legend has it that if the birds take flight, the city of Liverpool will disappear.

Don’t fret, they are well anchored, and will be very much in evidence when delegates visit in May 2023.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 12
Liverpool 'Ropewalks' and the 'Bridewell'
The ancient craft of ropemaking was based in the ‘Ropewalks’ quarter of the city.

The streets are long and narrow, so that the ropemakers could pay out the ropes as

they twisted them and prepared them for the ships. Warehouses on either side of the

streets housed products such as tea, tobacco, and rum that had been loaded from

the nearby docks. Many of the old warehouses have been carefully restored and

re-purposed and are now home to chic craft shops, bistros, and gastro-pubs.

In the nineteenth century the area was notorious for its taverns and houses of ill-repute.

One reminder of that time is the ‘Bridewell’ or prison lock-up, where errant sailors

who had partaken of too much rum were arrested and detained. The ‘Bridewell’ is

now a popular bar serving top quality local craft beers. The windows, for obvious

reasons, are a little small! A plaque inside commemorates the visit of novelist

Charles Dickens, who enrolled as a special constable here to give him a better insight

into the criminal underworld which he depicted so faithfully in his works. Modern day

fare is rather better than the inmates would have had in days gone by, and ESPO

delegates who choose to relax at the Bridwell after a long day at the academic

sessions are assured they can leave of their own free will!

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 13
Saint Luke’s, the ‘Bombed-Out Church’

One of our best recognized landmarks and meeting points is a stark reminder of the

devastation that Liverpool, along with so many European cities, suffered in WW2.

Once a parish church and a magnificent gothic structure famous for its stained-glass

windows, its bell-tower and ornate plaster work, it was destroyed in the ‘May Blitz’ in 1941.

The ruins burned and smouldered for days, leaving only the masonry shell intact.

For many years after the war the roofless remains were left as a memorial to the dead.

The interior became derelict and was soon overgrown with weeds and trees. The site

has been much improved in recent years and has become a centre for arts, culture,

garden parties and celebratory events.

The statue in the garden - ‘All together now’ – is by local sculptor Andy Edwards,

and recalls the famous ‘Christmas Truce’ in WW1 when soldiers on each side of the

trenches suspended fighting to play a game of football.

Now a symbol of hope and renewal, St. Luke’s (www.slboc.com) is a short walk from the waterfront along Bold Street, a lively thoroughfare with some of the city’s finest 19th century shop-front facades.

The garden bar and café are good spots if you need a break from all the academia!
 

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 14

The Hahnemann Hospital

Situated in the heart of the city’s Georgian Quarter, this spectacular building in Hope Street, with

its airy windows and distinctive tall chimneys, was completed in 1887 and gifted to the people of

Liverpool by the wealthy merchant Sir Henry Tate. Sugar refineries that processed the raw cane

brought to the port from the sugar plantations in the Caribbean were the source of great wealth

for many Liverpool merchants, of whom Tate was the best known.

Originally a hospital dedicated to the principles of homeopathy, for which Sir Henry was a strong

enthusiast, the building was a wonder of its time and, apart from the distinctive heating and

ventilation system, was the first in Britain to have hydraulic elevators.

It was called the Hahnemann Hospital to honour the founder of homeopathy, Christian Hahnemann.

Born in Meissen near Dresden in 1755, Hahnemann studied medicine in Leipzig, Vienna and

Erlangen, and worked for a period in Sibiu, Romania as personal physician to the Governor of

Transylvania, Samuel von-Brukenthal. It was during his time in Romania that Hahnemann

developed his theories of ‘treating like with like’.

The hospital was taken over by the newly established national health service in Britain in 1947 and

continued to serve the people of Liverpool until the nineteen seventies. It is now used as

accommodation for students.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 15

The Anglican Cathedral

Liverpool’s skyline boasts two magnificent cathedrals - one to serve the Roman Catholic

population and one for the Anglican community.

The Anglican Cathedral is the venue for our ESPO networking event. Seventy years in

construction, it was completed as recently as 1978 and is one of the finest Gothic Revival

buildings in Britain. Amidst the splendid sculptures and the awesome stained-glass windows

in the nave, you will find a red telephone box. This is a reminder that the young architect,

Gilbert Scott, who won a competition to design the Cathedral, also won fame as the designer

of the red telephone boxes that were such a symbol of Britain and were found on every street corner in the days before mobile phones!

Among the many luminaries buried in the nearby cemetery is Catherine (‘Kitty’) Wilkinson, the ‘Saint of the Slums’. Kitty was a widow living in abject poverty during the cholera epidemic of 1832. Understanding - long before many doctors did - the importance of disinfecting bedding, and one of the few who had a boiler in her home, she opened her kitchen to the women of Liverpool so they could have clean bedding, bringing about a dramatic reduction in mortality from cholera. With Dr. Henry Duncan, an early public health doctor, she went on to open public wash-houses where the poor could wash their clothes. Thus Liverpool paved the way for public baths and washing facilities which became commonplace all over Europe. She was presented with a silver teapot by Queen Victoria. Her gravestone reads:

CATHERINE WILKINSON. Died 11 November 1860, aged 73. Indefatigable and self-denying. She was the Widow's friend. The support of the Orphan. The fearless and unwearied nurse of the sick. The originator of Baths and Wash-houses for the poor.

The medical students recently voted to name one of their lecture rooms in her memory.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 16

Royal Albert Dock

The Conference Centre where the ESPO congress will take place is situated on the Mersey

waterfront. Delegates will enjoy strolling among the old warehouses, store-rooms and offices

which once served one of the largest shipping ports in Europe. The buildings have been

beautifully preserved and restored, and many are now home to chic restaurants, bars, galleries

and apartments.

One of the great monuments of 19th century engineering, the ‘Royal Albert’ dock was the

creation of celebrated architect Jesse Hartley. It was opened in 1846 by Queen Victoria’s

husband Prince Albert. A spectacular collection of buildings, colonnades and walkways houses

the Liverpool Tate gallery.  Art-lovers will enjoy the permanent exhibition but especially the focus on the seascapes of the celebrated English Romantic artist William Turner (1775-1851) in a special display that runs throughout the week of the congress.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 17

‘United by music. Together in Ped ORL’

The city of Liverpool - with its rich heritage in popular music - is proud to host the 2023 Eurovision

Song Contest on behalf of last year’s winners Ukraine. The event will celebrate the power of

music to bring people together across national and political boundaries. This year’s celebrations

will showcase the culture and traditions of our friends in Ukraine as we show our support for them

in the awful circumstances they now face. Expect plenty music and dance, bling, joy, colour,

spectacle and flamboyant costumes!

Our long history as a port city with maritime links to Europe and beyond, and a population of

diverse national and ethnic heritage makes Liverpool the perfect forum to celebrate European

togetherness. The theme of the event - ‘United by music’ - chimes well with our ESPO theme -

‘Science, clinicians and families - better together’.

When the television crews move out of the waterside arena (the ACC - Arena and Conference Centre), ESPO planners move in and prepare for what promises to be a fabulous ESPO congress. The costumes and dance-moves of the world’s leading pediatric ORL specialists may not be quite as outrageous as those of the musicians and their backing groups, but the friendship, camaraderie and sense of togetherness in the pediatric ORL community will be much in evidence.

Liverpool will still be rocking in late May!

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 18

The 'Three Graces'

The ‘Pier Head’ on Liverpool’s waterfront was the bustling heart of the sea-faring city in the

nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Here trams, buses, trains and horse-drawn carriages

converged on the site from which the great central liners set sail, carrying passengers to the

‘New World’ via ports in New York, Boston, Canada, Buenos Aires and beyond. For many, the

grand buildings on the Liverpool docks were their last sightings of Europe as they sailed to new

lives. Fittingly, the Pier Head buildings are each of particular architectural and aesthetic merit and

are to this day known as the ‘three graces’. They are the Royal Liver building, the Cunard building

and the offices of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board.

The best views of the trio can still be seen from the river if you take a ferry across the Mersey, and a magnificent sight they are especially in the evenings as the light fades and the sun goes down. They stand today as symbols of the maritime city when it was at its peak. The area around the ‘three graces’ is still the beating heart of the waterfront.

The Pier Head is a short walk from the Conference Centre. It is free of traffic and on summer afternoons hosts walkers, families, buskers, festivals and live music. Make time to amble along after all the academia!

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 19

Museum of Liverpool and the ‘docker’s umbrella’

Such was the bustle and traffic on Liverpool’s waterfront toward the end of the nineteenth

century that the city planners came up with an innovative scheme to move people and cargo

from one part of the docklands to another- the ‘Liverpool Overhead Railway’.  The tracks

were anchored by steel columns and ran five metres above ground for some twelve

kilometres, easing congestion at street level. In addition to facilitating rapid movement of

goods the LOHR provided shelter from the worst of the British weather, and soon became

known as the ‘docker’s umbrella’.

This was the first overhead electric rail system in the world, and such were the fabulous

views across the river from the carriages that it soon became a tourist attraction and a

popular sightseeing trip for families. Passengers could view the docks, transatlantic liners

and cruise ships as they moored along the riverside.

The tracks fell into disrepair and sadly very little of the railway survives, but you can visit one of the carriages at the Museum of Liverpool, a short stroll from the Convention Centre.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 20
Lime Street Station
The train station will be the first sighting of the city for many delegates. Railway enthusiasts

will enjoy marveling at the huge arched roof, supported by Doric columns and intricate iron

cross-beams dating from an 1867 extension to the original building.  Opened in 1836 when

it was a wooden shed, Lime Street is now the oldest still-operating railway terminal in the

world.

As you pass through the concourse, look out for the iconic statue ‘A chance meeting’ by

local sculptor Tom Murphy. It depicts, in bronze, two popular characters from the history of

Liverpool.

Elizabeth (‘Bessie’) Braddock (1899-1970) was a formidable politician and activist who

worked tirelessly to improve the health and working conditions of the city’s poor. She was

known as ‘Battling Bessie’ due to her combative but highly effective debating skills in the local council and in parliament.

Ken Dodd (‘Doddy’, 1927-2018) was a Liverpool comedian who achieved national fame and was especially popular with children who loved his colourful collection of ‘tickling sticks’. He came to prominence in the music halls of the 1950’s and his live shows invariably overran, often well past midnight when the buses had stopped, making him a hero with the city’s taxi-drivers who still speak of him with reverence!

Ken Dodd’s statue includes his most famous prop, a large ‘tickling stick’. ‘Battling Bessie’ carries her handbag, which she is said to have wielded menacingly to strike terror into her political opponents.

Look out too for Tom Murphy’s bronze statue of John Lennon as you arrive in Liverpool Airport.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 21

Myrtle Street Hospitals
A walk from the Metropolitan (Roman Catholic) Cathedral along Myrtle Street illuminates much of the

early history of medicine in the city of Liverpool. The cathedral itself was built on the site of the workhouse

(1772) and the old Brownlow Hill Infirmary, which housed up to five thousand of the destitute poor.

Deaths from cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, smallpox and typhoid were the norm.

Hospitals in Myrtle Street included the ‘Lying-In’ hospital for women, where great strides were made to

improve maternal mortality from the 1850s onwards. An early cancer hospital (1852) became the

Liverpool Radium Institute where pioneering treatments using the new technology were in use during

the early twentieth century. The Liverpool Infirmary for Children moved to Myrtle Street in 1866 and was

the fore-runner of the current children’s hospital. Two orphanages, one for boys and one for girls housed

over three hundred of the city’s abandoned children.

Although no longer in use as hospitals, many of the buildings can still be seen. One of the best-preserved

is the Eye and Ear Infirmary. Built in 1879, the red-brick and sandstone façade is still striking. It became

the new home of the Liverpool Ear Institute, which had opened in 1841 and was one of the earliest

hospitals where chloroform was used to facilitate surgery. Otitis media was then a fearsome disease, often resulting in fatal intracranial sepsis, and drainage of mastoid abscesses was one of the first procedures performed in Myrtle Street. The Eye and Ear Infirmary closed in 1978.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 22
The Pump House
Built in 1878 to power the busy movement of goods along the dockside warehouses, the Pump

House was a hydraulic station where water at high pressure was fed through pipes to power

the cranes and hoists that moved cargo- tobacco, grain, rum, and sugar- from the ships to the

the waterside warehouses. The cast iron wall cranes can still be seen on the walls of the

warehouses, many of which have been restored and are now luxury apartments, chic shops

and galleries. The original red-bricked tower which housed a steam engine is beautifully

preserved. Rescued from decline in the last few decades and part of the regeneration of the

Liverpool dock area, the Pump House is now a cosy bar and restaurant in the shadow of the

imposing Anglican Cathedral. A short walk from the Conference Centre, thirsty ESPO

delegates may wish to refresh themselves by the quayside and enjoy the visiting ships.

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Ray's Rambles Blog - Post 23

Liverpool and the Irish Famine

Few historical events have shaped the city of Liverpool as much as did the Irish Famine

(1845-1852). Up to two hundred thousand destitute men, women and children fled hunger

and starvation in Ireland in each of the years mainly from 1847 to 1852. They poured into

the city seeking food, medical help and in the case of the more able-bodied, work, mainly

on the docks for the men and in domestic service for the women.

Immigrants lived in conditions of appalling poverty. Mortality rates from infectious diseases

including cholera, typhus and dysentery were among the worst in Europe. The Liverpool

Workhouse - now the site of the Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral - was home to thousands.

Paupers died on the streets and were buried in mass graves around the city.

A walking ‘Famine Trail’ now commemorates the events of 1847 onwards. Several blue

plaques mark the site of feeding stations, the workhouse, orphanages, and burial grounds.

The imposing ‘Famine Memorial’ in the gardens of St Luke’s Church in Berry Street is

made up of a granite stone and a feeding bowl.

The descendants of these first Irish settlers have left their imprint on the modern city. Among the immigrants were James Lennon and James McCartney, whose great grandsons John and Paul were to become two of Liverpool’s most illustrious sons. The traditional Liverpool cuisine- ‘Scouse’- is a form of Irish stew made of mutton, carrots and potatoes, and Liverpudlians are proud to be known as ‘Scousers’.

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